The Scots Confession
The Confession Of Faith Professed And Believed By The Protestants Within The Realm Of Scotland, Published By Them In Parliament, And By The Estates Thereof Ratified And Approved, As Wholesome And Sound Doctrine, Grounded Upon The Infallible Truth Of God's Word
Preface
The Estates Of Scotland, with the inhabitants of the same, professing Christ Jesus his Holy Evangel, To their
natural countrymen, and to all other Realms and Nations, professing the same Lord Jesus with them, wish grace,
peace, and mercy from God the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, with the spirit of righteous judgment, for
Salutation.
Long have we thirsted, dear Brethren, to have notified unto the world the sum of that doctrine which we
profess, and for the which we have sustained infamy and danger. But such has been the rage of Satan against
us, and against Christ Jesus his eternal verity, lately born amongst us, that to this day no time has been
granted unto us to clear our consciences, as most gladly we would have done; for how we have been tossed a
whole year past, the most part of Europe (as we suppose) does understand. But seeing that of the infinite
goodness of our God (who never suffers his afflicted to be utterly confounded) above expectation we have
obtained some rest and liberty, we could not but set forth this brief and plain Confession of such doctrine as
is proponed unto us, and as we believe and profess, partly for satisfaction of our Brethren, whose hearts we
doubt not have been and yet are wounded by the despiteful railing of such as yet have not learned to speak
well; and partly for stopping of the mouths of impudent blasphemers, who boldly condemn that which they have
neither heard nor yet understand. Not that we judge that the cankered malice of such is able to be cured by
this simple Confession: No, we know that the sweet savour of the Evangel is, and shall be, death to the sons
of perdition.
But we have chief respect to our weak and infirm brethren, to whom we would communicate the
bottom of our hearts, lest that they be troubled or carried away by the diversities of rumours, which Satan
spreads against us, to the defecting of this our most godly enterprise; Protesting, that if any man will note
in this our Confession any article or sentence repugning to God's holy word, that it would please him of his
gentleness, and for Christian charity's sake, to admonish us of the same in writ; and We of our honour and
fidelity do promise unto him satisfaction from the mouth of God (that is, from his holy Scriptures), or else
reformation of that which he shall prove to be amiss. For God we take to record in our consciences, that from
our hearts we abhor all sects of heresy, and all teachers of erroneous doctrine; and that with all humility we
embrace the purity of Christ's Evangel, which is the only food of our souls; and therefore so precious unto us,
that we are determined to suffer the extremity of worldly danger, rather than that we will suffer ourselves to
be defrauded of the same. For hereof we are most certainly persuaded, "That whosoever denies Christ Jesus, or
is ashamed of him, in presence of men, shall be denied before the Father, and before his holy angels." And
therefore by the assistance of the mighty Spirit of the same, our Lord Jesus, we firmly purpose to abide to
the end in the Confession of this our Faith as by the articles followeth.
Arise, O Lord, and let thy enemies be confounded: Let them flee from thy presence that hate thy godly name:
Give thy Servants strength to speak thy word in boldness; and let all Nations attain to thy true knowledge.
These acts and articles were read in face of parliament, and ratified by the three estates of this realm, at
Edinburgh, the seventeen day of August, the year of God 1560.
Chapter 1
Of God
We confess and acknowledge one only God, to whom only we must cleave, whom only we must serve, whom only we must worship, and in whom only we must put our trust; who is eternal, infinite, unmeasurable, incomprehensible, omnipotent, invisible: one in substance, and yet distinct in three persons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost: By whom we confess and believe all things in heaven and in earth, as well visible as invisible, to have been created, to be retained in their being, and to be ruled and guided by his inscrutable Providence, to such end as his eternal wisdom, goodness, and justice has appointed them, to the manifestation of his own glory.
Chapter 2
Of the Creation of Man
We confess and acknowledge this our God to have created Man (to wit, our first father Adam), of whom also God formed the Woman to his own image and similitude; to whom he gave wisdom, lordship, justice, free-will, and clear knowledge of himself; so that in the whole nature of man there could be noted no imperfection: From which honour and perfection man and woman did both fall; the woman being deceived by the Serpent, and man obeying to the voice of the woman, both conspiring against the Sovereign Majesty of God, who in expressed words of before had threatened death, if they presumed to eat of the forbidden tree.
Chapter 3
Of Original Sin
By which transgression, commonly called Original Sin, was the image of God utterly defaced in man; and he and his posterity of nature became enemies to God, slaves to Satan, and servants to sin; in so much that death everlasting has had, and shall have power and dominion over all that has not been, are not, or shall not be regenerate from above: which regeneration is wrought by the power of the Holy Ghost, working in the hearts of the elect of God an assured faith in the promise of God, revealed to us in his word; by which faith they apprehend Christ Jesus, with the graces and benefits promised in him.
Chapter 4
Of the Revelation of the Promise
For this we constantly believe, that God, after the fearful and horrible defection of man from his obedience, did seek Adam again, call upon him, rebuke his sin, convict him of the same, and in the end made unto him a most joyful promise, to wit, "That the seed of the woman should break down the serpent's head"; that is, he should destroy the works of the Devil. Which promise, as it was repeated and made more clear from time to time, so was it embraced with joy, and most constantly retained of all the faithful, from Adam to Noah, from Noah to Abraham, from Abraham to David, and so forth to the incarnation of Christ Jesus: who all (we mean the faithful Fathers under the law), did see the joyful days of Christ Jesus, and did rejoice.
Chapter 5
The Continuance, Increase, and Preservation of the Kirk
We most constantly believe that God preserved, instructed, multiplied, honoured, adorned and from death called to life his Kirk in all ages, from Adam, till the coming of Christ Jesus in the flesh: for Abraham he called from his father's country, him he instructed, his seed he multiplied, the same he marvellously preserved, and more marvellously delivered from the bondage and tyranny of Pharaoh; to them he gave his laws, constitutions, and ceremonies; them he possessed in the land of Canaan; to them, after Judges and after Saul, he gave David to be king, to whom he made promise, "That of the fruit of his loins should one sit for ever upon his regal seat." To this same people from time to time he sent prophets to lead them back to the right way of their God, from the which often times they declined by idolatry. And albeit for their stubborn contempt of justice, he was compelled to give them in the hands of their enemies, as before was threatened by the mouth of Moses, in so much that the holy city was destroyed, the temple burnt with fire, and the whole land left desolate the space of seventy years; yet of mercy did he reduce them again to Jerusalem, where the city and temple were re-edified, and they, against all temptations and assaults of Satan, did abide till the Messiah came, according to the promise.
Chapter 6
Of the Incarnation of Christ Jesus
When the fullness of time came, God sent his Son, his Eternal Wisdom, the substance of his own glory, in this world, who took the nature of man-hood of the substance of a woman, to wit, of a Virgin, and that by the operation of the Holy Ghost. And so was born the just seed of David, the angel of the great council of God; the very Messiah promised, whom we acknowledge and confess Emanuel; very God and very man, two perfect natures united and joined in one person. By which our confession we condemn the damnable and pestilent heresies of Arius, Marcion, Eutyches, Nestorius, and such others, as either deny the eternity of his Godhead, or the verity of his human nature, either confound them, or yet divide them.
Chapter 7
Why It Behoved the Mediator to be Very God and Very Man
We acknowledge and confess that this most wondrous conjunction betwixt the Godhead and the Manhead in Christ Jesus did proceed from the eternal and immutable decree of God, whence also our salvation springs and depends.
Chapter 8
Election
For that same Eternal God and Father, who of mere mercy elected us in Christ Jesus his Son, before the
foundation of the world was laid, appointed him to be our Head, our Brother, our Pastor, and great Bishop of
our Souls. But because that the enmity betwixt the justice of God and our sins was such, that no flesh by itself
could or might have attained unto God, it behoved that the Son of God should descend unto us, and take himself
a body of our body, flesh of our flesh, and bone of our bones, and so become the perfect Mediator betwixtt God
and man; giving power to so many as believe in Him to be the sons of God, as Himself does witness, "I pass up
to my Father and unto your Father, to my God and unto your God." By which most holy fraternity, whatsoever we
have lost in Adam is restored to us again.
And for this cause are we not afraid to call God our Father, not so
much in that He has created us (which we have common with the reprobate), as for that He has given to us his
only Son to be our brother, and given unto us grace to acknowledge and embrace Him for our only Mediator, as
before is said. It behoved further the Messiah and Redeemer to be very God and very Man, because He was to
underlie the punishment due for our transgressions, and to present Himself in the presence of his Father's
judgment, as in our person, to suffer for our transgression and inobedience, by death to overcome him that was
author of death. But because the only Godhead could not suffer death, neither could the only Manhead overcome
the same, He joined both together in one person, that the imbecility of the one should suffer, and be subject
to death (which we had deserved), and the infinite and invincible power of the other, to wit, of the Godhead,
should triumph and purchase to us life, liberty, and perpetual victory. And so we confess, and most undoubtedly
believe.
Chapter 9
Christ's Death, Passion, Burial, etc.
That our Lord Jesus Christ offered Himself a voluntary sacrifice unto his Father for us; that He suffered contradiction of sinners; that He was wounded and plagued for our transgressions; that He being the clean and innocent Lamb of God, was damned in the presence of an earthly judge, that we might be absolved before the tribunal seat of our God; that He suffered not only the cruel death of the cross (which was accursed by the sentence of God), but also that He suffered for a season the wrath of his Father, which sinners had deserved. But yet we avow, that He remained the only and well-beloved and blessed Son of his Father, even in the midst of his anguish and torment, which He suffered in body and soul, to make the full satisfaction for the sins of his people. After the which, we confess and avow, that there remains no other sacrifice for sins; which if any affirm, we nothing doubt to avow that they are blasphemers against Christ's death, and the everlasting purgation and satisfaction purchased to us by the same.
Chapter 10
Resurrection
We undoubtedly believe that insomuch as it was impossible that the dolours of death should retain in bondage the Author of life, that our Lord Jesus Christ crucified, died, and buried, who descended into hell, did rise again for our justification, and destroying of him who was the author of death, brought life again to us that were subject to death and to the bondage of the same. We know that his resurrection was confirmed by the testimony of his very enemies; by the resurrection of the dead, whose sepultures did open, and they did arise and appeared to many within the City of Jerusalem. It was also confirmed by the testimony of his Angels, and by the senses and judgments of his Apostles, and of others, who had conversation, and did eat and drink with Him after his resurrection.
Chapter 11
Ascensions
We nothing doubt but that the selfsame body, which was born of the Virgin, was crucified, died, and buried,
and which did rise again, did ascend into the heavens for the accomplishment of all things; where, in our
names, and for our comfort He has received all power in heaven and in earth, where He sits at the right hand
of the Father inaugurate in his kingdom, advocate and only Mediator for us; which glory, honour, and
prerogative He alone amongst the brethren shall possess, till that all his enemies be made his footstool, as
that we undoubtedly believe they shall be in the final judgment; to the execution whereof we certainly believe
that the same our Lord Jesus shall visibly return, as that He was seen to ascend. And then we firmly believe,
that the time of refreshing and restitution of all things shall come, in so much that they that from the
beginning have suffered violence, injury, and wrong for righteousness' sake, shall inherit that blessed
immortality promised from the beginning; but contrariwise, the stubborn, inobedient, cruel oppressors, filthy
persons, adulterers, and all sorts of unfaithful men shall be cast in the dungeon of utter darkness, where
their worm shall not die, neither yet their fire shall be extinguished.
The remembrance of the which day, and
of the judgment to be executed in the same, is not only to us a bridle whereby our carnal lusts are refrained;
but also such inestimable comfort, that neither may the threatening of worldly princes, neither yet the fear of
temporal death and present danger move us to renounce and forsake that blessed society, which we the members
have with our Head and only Mediator Christ Jesus, whom we confess and avow to be the Messiah promised, the
only Head of his Kirk, our just Lawgiver, our only High Priest, Advocate, and Mediator. In which honours and
offices, if man or angel presume to intrude themselves, we utterly detest and abhor them, as blasphemous to our
Sovereign and Supreme Governor, Christ Jesus.
Chapter 12
Faith in the Holy Ghost
This our Faith, and the assurance of the same, proceeds not from flesh and blood, that is to say, from no
natural powers within us, but is the inspiration of the Holy Ghost: Whom we confess God, equal with the Father
and with the Son; who sanctifieth us, and bringeth us in all verity by his own operation; without whom we
should remain forever enemies to God, and ignorant of his Son, Christ Jesus. For of nature we are so dead, so
blind and so perverse, that neither can we feel when we are pricked, see the light when it shines, nor assent
to the will of God when it is revealed; only the Spirit of the Lord Jesus quickeneth that which is dead,
removeth the darkness from our minds, and boweth our stubborn hearts to the obedience of his blessed will.
And
so as we confess that God the Father created us when we were not; as his Son, our Lord Jesus redeemed us when
we were enemies to Him: so also do we confess that the Holy Ghost does sanctify and regenerate us, without all
respect of any merit proceeding from us, be it before or be it after our regeneration. To speak this one thing
yet in more plain words, as we willingly spoil ourselves of all honour and glory of our own creation and
redemption, so do we also of our regeneration and sanctification: For of ourselves we are not sufficient to
think one good thought; but He who has begun the good work in us, is only He that continueth us in the same,
to the praise and glory of his undeserved grace.
Chapter 13
The Cause of Good Works
So that the cause of Good works we confess to be, not our free will, but the Spirit of the Lord Jesus who,
dwelling in our hearts by true faith, brings forth such good works as God hath prepared for us to walk into:
for this we most boldly affirm, that blasphemy it is to say that Christ Jesus abides in the hearts of such as
in whom there is no spirit of Sanctification.
And therefore we fear not to affirm that murderers, oppressors,
cruel persecutors, adulterers, whoremongers, filthy persons, idolaters, drunkards, thieves, and all workers of
iniquity, have neither true faith, neither any portion of the spirit of Sanctification, which proceedeth from
the Lord Jesus, so long as they obstinately continue in their wickedness. For how soon that ever the spirit of
the Lord Jesus (which God's elect children receive by true faith), takes possession in the heart of any man,
so soon does He regenerate and renew the same man; so that he begins to hate that which before he loved, and
begins to love that which before he hated; and from thence comes that continual battle which is betwixt the
flesh and the spirit in God's children; while the flesh and natural man (according to its own corruption) lusts
for things pleasing and delectable unto the self, grudges in adversity, is lifted up in prosperity, and at
every moment is prone and ready to offend the Majesty of God.
But the Spirit of God, which giveth witnessing
to our spirit, that we are the sons of God, makes us to resist the devil, to abhor filthy pleasures, to groan
in God's presence for deliverance from this bondage of corruption; and finally, so to triumph over sin that it
reign not in our mortal bodies. This battle has not the carnal men, being destitute of God's Spirit; but do
follow and obey sin with greediness, and without repentance, even as the devil and their corrupt lusts do
prick them. But the sons of God (as before is said) do fight against sin, do sob and mourn, when they perceive
themselves tempted to iniquity; and if they fall, they rise again with earnest and unfeigned repentance. And
these things they do not by their own power, but the power of the Lord Jesus (without whom they were able to
do nothing) worketh in them all that is good.
Chapter 14
What Works Are Reputed Good Before God
We confess and acknowledge that God has given to man his holy law, in which not only are forbidden all such
works which displease and offend his Godly Majesty; but also are commanded all such as please Him, and as He
hath promised to reward. And these works be of two sorts; the one are done to the honour of God, the other to
the profit of our neighbours; and both have the revealed will of God for their assurance.
To have one God, to
worship and honour Him, to call upon Him in all our troubles, to reverence his holy name, to hear his word, to
believe the same, and to communicate with his holy sacraments, these are the Works of the First Table.
To honour
father, mother, princes, rulers, and superior powers, to love them, to support them, yea, to obey their
charges (not repugning to the commandment of God), to save the lives of innocents, to repress tyranny, to
defend the oppressed, to keep our bodies clean and holy, to live in sobriety and temperance, to deal justly
with all men, both in word and in deed, and, finally, to repress all appetite of our neighbour's hurt, these are
the good works of the Second Table, which are most pleasing and acceptable unto God, as those works that are
commanded by Himself.
The contrary whereof is sin most odious which always displeases Him, and provokes Him to
anger: not to call upon Him alone when we have need, not to hear his word with reverence, to contemn and
despise it, to have or to worship idols, to maintain and defend idolatry, lightly to esteem the reverent name
of God, to profane, abuse, or contemn the sacraments of Christ Jesus, to disobey or resist any that God has
placed in authority (while they pass not over the bounds of their office), to murder, or to consent thereto,
to bear hatred, or to suffer innocent blood to be shed if we may gainstand it, and, finally, the transgressing
of any other commandment in the First or Second Table, we confess and affirm to be sin, by the which God's hot
displeasure is kindled against the proud and unthankful world.
So that good works we affirm to be these only
that are done in faith, and at God's commandment, who in his law has expressed what be the things that please
Him. And evil works, we affirm, not only those that are expressedly done against God's commandment, but those
also that, in matters of religion and worshipping of God, have no other assurance but the invention and
opinion of man, which God from the beginning has ever rejected; as by the prophet Isaiah, and by our master
Christ Jesus, we are taught in these words, "In vain do they worship me, teaching the doctrine being precepts
of men."
Chapter 15
The Perfection of the Law and Imperfection of Man
The Law of God we confess and acknowledge most just, most equal, most holy, and most perfect; commanding those
things which, being wrought in perfection, were able to give life, and able to bring man to eternal felicity.
But our nature is so corrupt, so weak, and imperfect, that we are never able to fulfil the works of the Law in
perfection; yea, "If we say we have no sin (even after we are regenerate), we deceive ourselves, and the verity
of God is not into us."
And therefore it behoved us to apprehend Christ Jesus, with his justice and
satisfaction, who is the end and accomplishment of the Law, to all that believe, by whom we are set at this
liberty, that the curse and malediction of God fall not upon us, albeit that we fulfil not the same in all
points. For God the Father beholding us in the body of his Son Christ Jesus, accepteth our imperfect obedience
as it were perfect, and covereth our works, which are defiled with many spots, with the justice of his Son. We
do not mean that we are so set at liberty, that we owe no obedience to the Law (for that before we have plainly
confessed); but this we affirm, that no man in earth (Christ Jesus only excepted) hath given, giveth, or shall
give in work, that obedience to the Law which the Law requireth. But when we have done all things, we must fall
down and unfeignedly confess, "That we are unprofitable servants." And therefore whosoever boast themselves of
the merits of their own works, or put their trust in the works of supererogation, they boast themselves of that
which is not, and put their trust in damnable idolatry.
Chapter 16
Of the Kirk
As we believe in one God, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, so do we most earnestly believe that from the beginning
there has been, now is, and to the end of the world shall be a Church; that is to say, a company and multitude
of men chosen of God, who rightly worship and embrace Him, by true faith in Christ Jesus, who is the only Head
of the same Kirk, which also is the body and spouse of Christ Jesus; which Kirk is Catholic, that is,
universal, because it contains the Elect of all ages, of all realms, nations, and tongues, be they of the Jews,
or be they of the Gentiles, who have communion and society with God the Father, and with his Son Christ Jesus,
through the sanctification of his Holy Spirit; and therefore it is called the communion, not of profane persons
but of saints, who, as citizens of the heavenly Jerusalem, have the fruition of the most inestimable benefits,
to wit, of one God, one Lord Jesus, one faith, and of one baptism; out of the which Kirk there is neither life,
nor eternal felicity.
And therefore we utterly abhor the blasphemy of those that affirm that men which live
according to equity and justice shall be saved, what religion soever they have professed. For as without Christ
Jesus there is neither life nor salvation, so shall there none be participant thereof but such as the Father
has given unto his Son Christ Jesus, and those that in time come to Him, avow his doctrine, and believe into
Him (we comprehend the children with the faithful parents). This Kirk is invisible, known only to God, who
alone knoweth whom He has chosen, and comprehends as well (as said is) the Elect that be departed (commonly
called the Kirk Triumphant), as those that yet live and fight against sin and Satan as shall live hereafter.
Chapter 17
The Immortality of the Souls
The Elect departed are in peace and rest from their labours; not that they sleep and come to a certain oblivion (as some fantastic heads do affirm), but that they are delivered from all fear, all torment, and all temptation, to which we and all God's elect are subject in this life; and therefore do bear the name of the Kirk Militant. As contrariwise, the reprobate and unfaithful departed, have anguish, torment, and pain, that cannot be expressed; so that neither are the one nor the other in such sleep that they feel not joy or torment, as the Parable of Christ Jesus in the sixteenth of Luke, his words to the thief, and these words of the souls crying under the altar, "O Lord, thou that art righteous and just, how long shall thou not revenge our blood upon them that dwell upon the earth!" doth plainly testify.
Chapter 18
Of the Notes by Which the True Kirk Is Discerned From the False And Who Shall Be Judge of the Doctrine
Because that Satan from the beginning has laboured to deck his pestilent Synagogue with the title of the Kirk
of God, and has inflamed the hearts of cruel murderers to persecute, trouble, and molest the true Kirk and
members thereof, as Cain did Abel; Ishmael, Isaac; Esau, Jacob; and the whole priesthood of the Jews, Jesus
Christ Himself, and his apostles after him; it is a thing most requisite that the true Kirk be discerned from
the filthy synagogue, by clear and perfect notes, lest we, being deceived, receive and embrace to our own
condemnation the one for the other.
The notes, signs, and assured tokens whereby the immaculate spouse of
Christ Jesus is known from that horrible harlot the Kirk malignant, we affirm are neither antiquity, title
usurped, lineal descent, place appointed, nor multitude of men approving an error; for Cain in age and title
was preferred to Abel and Seth; Jerusalem had prerogative above all places of the earth, where also were the
priests lineally descended from Aaron; and greater multitude followed the Scribes, Pharisees, and Priests,
than unfeignedly believed and approved Christ Jesus and his doctrine; and yet (as we suppose) no man of sound
judgment will grant that any of the forenamed were the Kirk of God.
The Notes, therefore, of the true Kirk of
God we believe, confess, and avow to be, first, The true preaching of the word of God; into the which God has
revealed himself to us, as the writings of the Prophets and Apostles do declare. Secondly, The right
administration of the sacraments of Christ Jesus, which must be annexed to the word and promise of God, to seal
and confirm the same in our hearts. Lastly, Ecclesiastical discipline uprightly ministered, as God's word
prescribes, whereby vice is repressed, and virtue nourished.
Wheresoever then these former notes are seen, and
of any time continue (be the number never so few above two or three) there, but all doubt, is the true Kirk
of Christ, who according to his promise is in the midst of them: not that universal (of which we have before
spoken) but particular; such as was in Corinth, Galatia, Ephesus, and other places in which the ministry was
planted by Paul, and were of himself named the Kirks of God. And such Kirks we, the inhabitants of the Realm
of Scotland, professors of Christ Jesus, confess us to have in our cities, towns, and places reformed; for the
doctrine taught in our kirks is contained in the written word of God, to wit, in the Books of the Old and New
Testaments.
In those books, we mean, which of the ancient have been reputed canonical, in the which we affirm
that all things necessary to be believed for the salvation of mankind, is sufficiently expressed; the
interpretation whereof, we confess, neither appertained to private nor public person, neither yet to any kirk
for any pre-eminence or prerogative, personal or local, which one has above another; but appertained to the
Spirit of God, by the which also the Scripture was written.
When controversy then happeneth for the right
understanding of any place or sentence of Scripture, or for the reformation of any abuse within the Kirk of
God, we ought not so much to look what men before us have said or done, as unto that which the Holy Ghost
uniformly speaks within the body of the Scriptures, and unto that which Christ Jesus Himself did, and commanded
to be done. For this is a thing universally granted, that the Spirit of God, which is the Spirit of unity, is
in nothing contrarious unto Himself.
If then the interpretation, determination, or sentence of any doctor,
kirk, or council, repugn to the plain word of God written in any other place of the Scripture, it is a thing
most certain, that theirs is not the true understanding and meaning of the Holy Ghost, supposing that Councils,
Realms, and Nations have approved and received the same: For we dare not receive and admit any interpretation
which directly repugneth to any principal point of our faith, or to any other plain text of Scripture, or yet
unto the rule of charity.
Chapter 19
The Authority of the Scriptures
As we believe and confess the Scriptures of God sufficient to instruct and make the man of God perfect, so do we affirm and avow the authority of the same to be of God, and neither to depend on men nor angels. We affirm therefore that such as allege the Scripture to have no other authority, but that which is received from the Kirk, to be blasphemous against God, and injurious to the true Kirk, which always heareth and obeyeth the voice of her own Spouse and Pastor, but taketh not upon her to be mistress over the same.
Chapter 20
Of General Councils, of Their Power, Authority, and Causes of Their Convention
As we do not rashly damn that which godly men, assembled together in General Councils, lawfully gathered, have
approved unto us; so without just examination dare we not receive whatsoever is obtruded unto men, under the
name of General Councils: for plain it is, that as they were men, so have some of them manifestly erred, and
that in matters of great weight and importance. So far then as the Council proveth the determination and
commandment that it giveth by the plain word of God, so far do we reverence and embrace the same.
But if men,
under the name of a Council, pretend to forge unto us new articles of our faith, or to make constitutions
repugning to the word of God, then utterly we must refuse the same as the doctrine of devils, which draws our
souls from the voice of our only God to follow the doctrines and constitutions of men.
The cause, then, why
that General Councils convened, was neither to make any perpetual law (which God before had not made), neither
yet to forge new articles of our belief, neither to give the word of God authority, much less to make that to
be his word, or yet the true interpretation of the same, which was not before by his holy will expressed in
his word.
But the cause of Councils (we mean of such as merit the name of Councils), partly for confutation of
heresies, and for giving public confession of their faith to the posterity following; which both they did by
the authority of God's written word, and not by any opinion or prerogative that they could not err, by reason
of their General assembly. And this we judge to have been the chief cause of General Councils. The other was
for good policy and order to be constituted and observed in the Kirk, in which (as in the house of God) it
becomes all things to be done decently and into order. Not that we think that one policy and one order in
ceremonies can be appointed for all ages, times, and places; for as ceremonies (such as men has devised) are
but temporal, so may and ought they to be changed, when they rather foster superstition than that they edify
the Kirk using the same.
Chapter 21
Of the Sacraments
As the Fathers under the Law, besides the verity of the sacrifices, had two chief Sacraments, to wit,
Circumcision and the Passover, the despisers and contemners whereof were not reputed for God's people; so do
we acknowledge and confess that we now, in the time of the Evangel, have two Sacraments only, instituted by
the Lord Jesus, and commanded to be used of all those that will be reputed members of his body, to wit, Baptism
and the Supper, or Table of the Lord Jesus, called The Communion of his body and blood.
And these sacraments
(as well of the Old as of the New Testament) were instituted of God, not only to make a visible difference
betwixt his people, and those that were without his league; but also to exercise the faith of his children; and
by participation of the same sacraments, to seal in their hearts the assurance of his promise, and of that
most blessed conjunction, union, and society, which the Elect have with their head, Christ Jesus.
And thus we
utterly damn the vanity of those that affirm sacraments to be nothing else but naked and bare signs. No, we
assuredly believe that by Baptism we are ingrafted in Christ Jesus to be made partakers of his justice, by the
which our sins are covered and remitted; and also, that in the Supper, rightly used, Christ Jesus is so joined
with us, that he becomes the very nourishment and food of our souls.
Not that we imagine any transubstantiation
of bread into Christ's natural body, and of wine in his natural blood (as the Papists have perniciously taught
and damnably believed); but this union and communion which we have with the body and blood of Christ Jesus in
the right use of the sacraments, is wrought by operation of the Holy Ghost, who by true faith carries us above
all things that are visible, carnal, and earthly, and makes us to feed upon the body and blood of Christ Jesus,
which was once broken and shed for us, which now is in the heaven, and appeareth in the presence of his Father
for us.
And yet, notwithstanding the far distance of place, which is betwixt his body now glorified in the
heaven, and us now mortal in this earth, yet we most assuredly believe, that the bread which we break is the
communion of Christ's body, and the cup which we bless is the communion of his blood. So that we confess, and
undoubtedly believe, that the faithful, in the right use of the Lord's Table, so do eat the body, and drink the
blood of the Lord Jesus, that He remaineth in them and they in Him: yea, that they are so made flesh of his
flesh, and bone of his bones, that as the Eternal Godhead hath given to the flesh of Christ Jesus (which of
its own condition and nature was mortal and corruptible) life and immortality, so doth Christ Jesus his flesh
and blood eaten and drunken by us, give to us the same prerogatives.
Which, albeit we confess are neither given
unto us at that only time, neither yet by the proper power and virtue of the Sacraments only; yet we affirm
that the faithful in the right use of the Lord's Table have such conjunction with Christ Jesus, as the natural
man cannot comprehend: yea, and further we affirm, that albeit the faithful oppressed by negligence, and manly
infirmity, do not profit so much as they would at the very instant action of the Supper, yet shall it after
bring forth fruit, as lively seed sown in good ground; for the Holy Spirit, which can never be divided from the
right institution of the Lord Jesus, will not frustrate the faithful of the fruit of that mystical action.
But
all this, we say, comes by true faith, which apprehendeth Christ Jesus, who only makes his Sacraments effectual
unto us; and, therefore, whosoever slandereth us, as that we affirmed or believed Sacraments to be only naked
and bare signs, do injury unto us, and speak against a manifest truth. But this liberally and frankly we must
confess, that we make a distinction betwixt Christ Jesus, in his natural substance, and betwixt the elements in
the Sacramental signs; so that we will neither worship the signs in place of that which is signified by them;
neither yet do we despise and interpret them as unprofitable and vain; but do use them with all reverence,
examining ourselves diligently before that so we do, because we are assured by the mouth of the Apostle, "That
such as eat of that bread, and drink of that cup, unworthily, are guilty of the body and blood of the Lord
Jesus."
Chapter 22
Of the Right Administration of the Sacraments
That Sacraments be rightly ministered, we judge two things requisite: the one, That they be ministered by
lawful ministers, whom we affirm to be only they that are appointed to the preaching of the word, or into whose
mouths God has put some sermon of exhortation, they being men lawfully chosen thereto by some Kirk. The other,
That they be ministered in such elements, and in such sort as God hath appointed. Else we affirm, that they
cease to be right Sacraments of Christ Jesus.
And, therefore, it is, that we flee the society with the
Papistical Kirk in participation of their Sacraments; first, because their ministers are no ministers of Christ
Jesus; yea (which is more horrible) they suffer women, whom the Holy Ghost will not suffer to teach in the
congregation, to baptise.
And, secondly, Because they have so adulterated, both the one sacrament and the
other, with their own inventions, that no part of Christ's action abideth in the original purity; for oil,
salt, spittle, and suchlike in baptism, are but men's inventions; adoration, veneration, bearing through
streets and towns, and keeping of bread in boxes or chests, are profanation of Christ's Sacraments,
and no use of the same: For Christ Jesus said, "Take, eat; Do ye this in remembrance of me." By which
words and charge he sanctified bread and wine to be the sacrament of his body and blood; to the end, that the
one should be eaten, and that all should drink of the other; and not that they should be kept to be worshipped
and honoured as God, as the blind Papists have done heretofore, who also have committed sacrilege, stealing
from the people the one part of the Sacrament, to wit, the blessed cup.
Moreover, that the Sacraments be
rightly used, it is required that the end and cause why the Sacraments were instituted be understood and
observed, as well of the minister as of the receivers; for if the opinion be changed in the receiver, the
right use ceaseth; which is most evident by the rejection of the sacrifices (as also if the teacher teach false
doctrine) which were odious and abominable unto God (albeit they were his own ordinances), because that wicked
men use them to another end than God hath ordained.
The same affirm we of the sacraments in the Papistical
Kirk, in which we affirm the whole action of the Lord Jesus to be adulterated, as well in the external form,
as in the end and opinion. What Christ Jesus did, and commanded to be done, is evident by the three Evangelists
and by Saint Paul. What the priest does at his altar we need not to rehearse. The end and cause of Christ's
institution, and why the self-same should be used, is expressed in these words, "Do this in remembrance of
me. As oft as ye shall eat of this bread and drink of this cup, ye shall show forth (that is, extol, preach,
and magnify), the Lord's death till he come." But to what end, and in what opinion, the priests say their
masses, let the words of the same, their own doctors and writings witness, to wit, that they, as mediators
betwixt Christ and his Kirk, do offer unto God the Father a sacrifice propitiatory for the sins of the quick
and the dead. Which doctrine, as blasphemous to Christ Jesus, and making derogation to the sufficiency of his
only sacrifice, once offered for purgation of all those that shall be sanctified, we utterly abhor, detest,
and renounce.
Chapter 23
To Whom Sacraments Appertain
We Confess and acknowledge that Baptism appertaineth as well to the infants of the faithful, as to those that be of age and discretion. And so we damn the error of the Anabaptists, who deny baptism to appertain to children, before that they have faith and understanding. But the Supper of the Lord, we confess to appertain only to such as have been of the household of faith, and can try and examine themselves, as well in their faith, as in their duty towards their neighbours. Such as eat and drink at that holy table without faith, or being at dissension and division with their brethren, do eat unworthily: and therefore it is, that in our Kirks our Ministers take public and particular examination of the knowledge and conversation of such as are to be admitted to the table of the Lord Jesus.
Chapter 24
Of the Civil Magistrate
We Confess and acknowledge empires, kingdoms, dominions, and cities to be distincted and ordained by God: the
powers and authorities in the same (be it of Emperors in their empires, of Kings in their realms, Dukes and
Princes in their dominions, or of other Magistrates in free cities), to be God's holy ordinance, ordained for
manifestation of his own glory, and for the singular profit and commodity of mankind.
So that whosoever goes
about to take away or to confound the whole state of civil policies, now long established, we affirm the same
men not only to be enemies to mankind, but also wickedly to fight against God's expressed will.
We further
Confess and acknowledge, that such persons as are placed in authority are to be loved, honoured, feared, and
held in most reverent estimation; because that they are the lieutenants of God, in whose session God himself
doth sit and judge (yea even the Judges and Princes themselves), to whom by God is given the sword, to the
praise and defence of good men, and to revenge and punish all open malefactors.
Moreover, to Kings, Princes,
Rulers, and Magistrates, we affirm that chiefly and most principally the conservation and purgation of the
Religion appertains; so that not only they are appointed for civil policy, but also for maintenance of the
true Religion, and for suppressing of idolatry and superstition whatsoever, as in David, Jehoshaphat, Hezekiah,
Josiah, and others, highly commended for their zeal in that case, may be espied.
And therefore we confess and
avow, that such as resist the supreme power (doing that thing which appertains to his charge), do resist God's
ordinance, and therefore cannot be guiltless. And further, we affirm, that whosoever deny unto them their aid,
counsel, and comfort, while the Princes and Rulers vigilantly travail in the executing of their office, that
the same men deny their help, support, and counsel to God, who by the presence of his lieutenant craveth it of
them.
Chapter 25
The Gifts Freely Given to the Kirk
Albeit that the word of God truly preached, and the Sacraments rightly ministered, and discipline executed
according to the word of God, be the certain and infallible signs of the true Kirk; yet do we not so mean,
that every particular person joined with such a company, be an elect member of Christ Jesus. For we acknowledge
and confess, that darnel, cockle, and chaff may be sown, grow, and in great abundance lie in the midst of the
wheat; that is, the reprobate may be joined in the society of the elect, and may externally use with them the
benefits of the word and sacraments; but such being but temporal professors in mouth, but not in heart, do fall
back and continue not to the end: and therefore have they no fruit of Christ's death, resurrection, nor
ascension.
But such as with heart unfeignedly believe, and with mouth boldly confess the Lord Jesus (as before
we have said), shall most assuredly receive these gifts: First, In this life, remission of sins, and that by
faith only in Christ's blood, in so much, that albeit sin remain and continually abide in these our mortal
bodies, yet it is not imputed unto us, but is remitted and covered with Christ's justice.
Secondly, In the
general judgment there shall be given to every man and woman resurrection of the flesh; for the sea shall give
her dead, the earth those that therein be inclosed; yea, the Eternal, our God, shall stretch out his hand upon
the dust, and the dead shall arise incorruptible, and that in the substance of the selfsame flesh that every
man now bears, to receive according to their works, glory or punishment: for such as now delight in vanity,
cruelty, filthiness, superstition, or idolatry, shall be adjudged to the fire inextinguishable, in the which
they shall be tormented forever, as well in their own bodies, as in their souls, which now they give to serve
the devil in all abomination.
But such as continue in well doing to the end, boldly professing the Lord Jesus
we constantly believe, that they shall receive glory, honour, and immortality, to reign forever in life
everlasting with Christ Jesus, to whose glorified body all his Elect shall be made like, when He shall appear
again to judgment, and shall render up the kingdom to God his Father, who then shall be, and ever shall remain
all in all things, God blessed forever: To whom, with the Son, and with the Holy Ghost, be all honour and
glory, now and ever.
Amen.